Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ntlafatso ea katleho ea mekhoa ea ho pompa metsi ea photovoltaic (PVWPS) e khahlile thahasello e kholo har'a bafuputsi, kaha ts'ebetso ea bona e itšetlehile ka tlhahiso e hloekileng ea matla a motlakase. lits'ebetso tse kenyelletsang mekhoa ea ho fokotsa tahlehelo e sebelisoang ho li-motors tsa induction (IM) .Taolo e sisintsoeng e khetha boholo bo nepahetseng ba flux ka ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea IM. Ho phaella moo, mokhoa oa ho shebella oa ho feto-fetoha oa ho ferekanya o boetse o hlahisoa.Ho tšoaneleha ha taolo e reriloeng ho lemohuoa ke ho fokotsa mocheso oa metsi;ka hona, tahlehelo ea motlakase e fokotsehile 'me katleho ea ntlafatsoa.Leano le reriloeng la taolo le bapisoa le mekhoa ntle le ho fokotsa tahlehelo.Liphetho tsa papiso li bontša katleho ea mokhoa o reriloeng, o itšetlehileng ka ho fokotsa tahlehelo ka lebelo la motlakase, ho kenngoa ha hona joale, ho phalla. metsi, le ho hlahisa flux.Teko ea processor-in-the-loop (PIL) e etsoa e le teko ea teko ea mokhoa o reriloeng.E kenyelletsa ho kenya ts'ebetsong ea khoutu ea C e hlahisitsoeng letlapeng la ho sibolla la STM32F4. Liphetho tse fumanoeng ho embedded boto li tšoana le liphetho tsa papiso ea lipalo.
Matla a tsosolositsoeng, haholo-hololetsatsithekenoloji ea photovoltaic, e ka ba mefuta e meng e hloekileng ho feta mafura a mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tsamaisong ea ho pompa metsi1,2.Mechine ea ho pompa ka photovoltaic e fumane tlhokomelo e kholo libakeng tse hōle tse se nang motlakase3,4.
Lienjineri tse fapaneng li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa ho pompa tsa PV.Mokhahlelo oa mantlha oa PVWPS o thehiloe ho li-motor tsa DC. Li-motor tsena li bonolo ho li laola le ho li kenya ts'ebetsong, empa li hloka tlhokomelo ea kamehla ka lebaka la boteng ba li-annotators le brushes5.Ho hlōla khaello ena, brushless. ho ile ha hlahisoa li-motors tsa magnet tse sa feleng, tse khetholloang ka brushless, ts'ebetso e phahameng le ho tšepahala6. Ha ho bapisoa le li-motor tse ling, PVWPS e thehiloeng ho IM e na le ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng hobane koloi ena e ka tšeptjoa, e theko e tlaase, ha e na tlhokomelo, 'me e fana ka menyetla e mengata ea ho laola maano7. Mekhoa ea .Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) le mekhoa ea Direct Torque Control (DTC) e atisa ho sebelisoa8.
IFOC e ile ea hlahisoa ke Blaschke le Hasse 'me e lumella ho fetola lebelo la IM ho feta mefuta e mengata ea9,10. The stator current e arotsoe likarolo tse peli, e 'ngoe e hlahisa matla a khoheli 'me e' ngoe e hlahisa torque ka ho fetolela tsamaiso ea dq coordinate.Sena se lumella taolo e ikemetseng ea ho phalla le torque tlas'a boemo bo tsitsitseng le maemo a matla.Axis (d) e tsamaisana le rotor flux space vector, e kenyelletsang karolo ea q-axis ea sebaka sa rotor flux vector e lula e le zero.FOC e fana ka karabo e ntle le e potlakileng11 ,12, leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o rarahane ebile o itšetlehile ka mefuta e fapaneng ea parameter13. Ho hlōla mefokolo ena, Takashi le Noguchi14 ba hlahisitse DTC, e nang le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso 'me e matla ebile e sa nahanele liphetoho tsa parameter.Ka DTC, torque ea motlakase le stator flux. li laoloa ka ho tlosa stator flux le torque ho likhakanyo tse tsamaellanang.Sephetho se feptjoa ka har'a comparator ea hysteresis ho hlahisa vector ea motlakase e loketseng ho laola.ka bobeli stator flux le torque.
Tšitiso e ka sehloohong ea leano lena la taolo ke torque e kholo le ho feto-fetoha ha mocheso ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea li-hysteresis regulators bakeng sa stator flux le electromagnetic torque regulation15,42.Li-converter tsa Multilevel li sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa ripple, empa katleho e fokotsehile ka palo ea li-switches tsa matla16. Bangoli ba 'maloa ba sebelisitse sebaka sa "vector modulation" (SWM)17, sliding mode control (SMC)18, e leng mekhoa e matla empa e na le liphello tse sa rateheng tsa jittering19.Bafuputsi ba bangata ba sebelisitse mekhoa ea bohlale ba maiketsetso ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea balaoli, har'a bona, (1) neural. marang-rang, leano la taolo le hlokang hore li-processor tsa lebelo le phahameng li kenye ts'ebetsong20, le (2) li-algorithms tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso21.
Taolo e makatsang e matla, e loketse maano a taolo e sa lekanyetsoang, 'me ha e hloke tsebo ea mohlala o hlakileng.E kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea li-block tsa logic tse sa utloahaleng ho fapana le li-control tsa hysteretic le ho fetola litafole tsa khetho ho fokotsa phallo le torque ripple.Ho bohlokoa ho supa hore Li-DTC tse thehiloeng ho FLC li fana ka ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng22, empa ha e lekane ho eketsa katleho ea enjene, kahoo ho hlokahala mekhoa ea ho laola loop.
Lithutong tse ngata tse fetileng, bangoli ba ile ba khetha ho feto-fetoha ha kamehla e le mokhoa oa ho bua, empa khetho ena ea litšupiso ha e emele mokhoa o nepahetseng.
Likoloi tsa likoloi tse sebetsang hantle, tse sebetsang hantle haholo li hloka karabelo e potlakileng le e nepahetseng ea lebelo. tšupiso e fapaneng ea flux nakong ea ts'ebetso ea sistimi.
Bangoli ba bangata ba hlahisitse molaoli oa ho batla (SC) o fokotsang tahlehelo tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a mojaro (joalo ka in27) ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea enjene. Mokhoa ona o kenyelletsa ho lekanya le ho fokotsa matla a ho kenya letsoho ka ho pheta-pheta d-axis kapa stator flux. Referense.Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o hlahisa torque ripple ka lebaka la oscillations teng ka air-gap flux,' me ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha mokhoa ona ke nako e ngata le computationally-resource-intensive.Particle swarm optimization is also used to improve performance28, empa mokhoa ona o ka ho ts'oaroa ho minima ea lehae, e lebisang khethong e fosahetseng ea liparamente tsa taolo29.
Ka pampiri ena, mokhoa o amanang le FDTC o reretsoe ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng oa matla a khoheli ka ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea motlakase.Motsoako ona o tiisa bokhoni ba ho sebelisa boemo bo botle ba ho phalla sebakeng se seng le se seng sa ts'ebetso, kahoo ho eketsa bokhoni ba tsamaiso ea ho pompa metsi ea photovoltaic e reriloeng. Ka hona, ho bonahala ho le bonolo haholo bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho pompa metsi a photovoltaic.
Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea processor-in-the-loop ea mokhoa o reriloeng o etsoa ho sebelisoa boto ea STM32F4 e le bopaki ba liteko.Melemo e ka sehloohong ea motheo ona ke bonolo ba ho kenya ts'ebetsong, theko e tlaase ebile ha ho hlokahale ho hlahisa mananeo a rarahaneng 30. , Boto ea phetoho ea FT232RL USB-UART e amahanngoa le STM32F4, e tiisang hore ho na le sebopeho sa ka ntle sa puisano e le hore ho thehoe mochine oa serial oa sebele (COM port) khomphuteng.
Ts'ebetso ea PVWPS e sebelisang mokhoa o reriloeng e bapisoa le lits'ebetso tsa PV ntle le ho fokotsa tahlehelo tlas'a maemo a fapaneng a ts'ebetso. Liphetho tse fumanoeng li bonts'a hore sistimi e reriloeng ea pompo ea metsi ea photovoltaic e molemo ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea hona joale ea stator le ea koporo, ho ntlafatsa phallo le ho pompa metsi.
Karolo e 'ngoe ea pampiri e hlophisitsoe ka tsela e latelang: Mohlala oa mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng o fanoe karolong "Mohlala oa Photovoltaic Systems" . Karolong ea "Leano la ho laola tsamaiso e ithutoang", FDTC, leano le reriloeng la ho laola le mokhoa oa MPPT ke e hlalositsoe ka botlalo.Liphuputso li tšohloa karolong ea "Simulation Results".Karolong ea "PIL teko le boto ea ho sibolla STM32F4", ho hlalositsoe tlhahlobo ea processor-in-the-loop.Qetello ea pampiri ena e hlahisoa ho " Liqeto” karolo.
Setšoantšo sa 1 se bonts'a tlhophiso ea tsamaiso e reriloeng bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho pompa metsi oa PV o ikemetseng. Sistimi e na le pompo ea centrifugal e thehiloeng ho IM, sehlopha sa photovoltaic, li-converter tse peli tsa motlakase [boost converter le voltage source inverter (VSI)]. Karolong ena. , mohlala oa mokhoa o ithutoang oa ho pompa metsi oa photovoltaic o hlahisoa.
Pampiri ena e nka mohlala oa single-diode ealetsatsiphotovoltaic cell. Litšobotsi tsa sele ea PV li hlalosoa ke 31, 32, le 33.
Ho etsa phetoho, ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa boost. Kamano lipakeng tsa matla a ho kenya le ho tsoa a converter ea DC-DC e fanoe ke Equation 34 ka tlase:
Mohlala oa lipalo oa IM o ka hlalosoa ka har'a foreimi ea litšupiso (α,β) ka li-equations tse latelang 5,40:
Moo \(l_{s }\),\(l_{r}\): stator le rotor inductance, M: mutual inductance, \(R_{s }\), \(I_{s}\): stator resistance le stator Current, \(R_{r}\), \(I_{r }\): ho hanyetsa ha rotor le rotor current, \(\phi_{s}\), \(V_{s}\): stator flux le stator voltage , \(\phi_{r}\), \(V_{r}\): rotor flux le rotor voltage.
Torque ea pompo ea centrifugal e lekanang le sekwere sa lebelo la IM e ka khethoa ka:
Taolo ea tsamaiso ea pompo ea metsi e reriloeng e arotsoe ka likaroloana tse tharo tse ikhethileng.Karolo ea pele e sebetsana le theknoloji ea MPPT.Karolo ea bobeli e sebetsana le ho khanna IM ho itšetlehile ka taolo e tobileng ea torque ea molaoli oa logic.Ho feta moo, Karolo ea III e hlalosa mokhoa o amanang le FLC-based DTC e lumellang qeto ea litšupiso tse fetohang.
Mosebetsing ona, mokhoa o feto-fetohang oa P & O o sebelisetsoa ho latela matla a mangata a matla. E khetholloa ka ho latela ka potlako le ho fokotseha ho tlaase (Setšoantšo sa 2) 37,38,39.
Mohopolo o ka sehloohong oa DTC ke ho laola ka ho toba phallo le torque ea mochini, empa ts'ebeliso ea li-hysteresis regulator bakeng sa torque ea motlakase le taolo ea stator flux e fella ka torque e phahameng le flux ripple. Mokhoa oa DTC (setšoantšo sa 7), 'me FLC e ka hlahisa linaha tse lekaneng tsa inverter vector.
Mothating ona, tlhahiso e fetoloa mefuta e sa utloahaleng ka mesebetsi ea litho (MF) le mantsoe a puo.
Mesebetsi e meraro ea litho bakeng sa kenyelletso ea pele (εφ) e mpe (N), e ntle (P), le zero (Z), joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 3.
Mesebetsi e mehlano ea litho bakeng sa kenyelletso ea bobeli (\(\varepsilon\)Tem) ke Negative Large (NL) Negative Small (NS) Zero (Z) Positive Small (PS) le Positive Large (PL), joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 4.
Stator flux trajectory e na le likarolo tse 12, moo sete e sa hlakang e emeloa ke ts'ebetso ea litho tse tharo tsa isosceles, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 5.
Lethathamo la 1 lihlopha tse 180 tse sa utloahaleng tse sebelisang mesebetsi ea litho tsa ho kenya letsoho ho khetha linaha tse nepahetseng.
Mokhoa oa ho nahana o etsoa ka mokhoa oa Mamdani.Boima ba boima (\(\alpha_{i}\)) ba molao oa i-th bo fanoa ke:
moo\(\mu Ai \left({e\varphi } \right)\),\(\mu Bi\left({eT} \right) ,\) \(\mu Ci\left(\theta \right) \) : Boleng ba botho ba magnetic flux, torque le phoso ea angle stator flux.
Setšoantšo sa 6 se bonts'a litekanyetso tse matla tse fumanoeng ho boleng bo sa utloahaleng ho sebelisoa mokhoa o phahameng o hlahisitsoeng ke Eq.(20).
Ka ho eketsa matla a motlakase, lebelo la ho phalla le ka eketsoa, e leng ho eketsang ho pompa metsi letsatsi le leng le le leng (Setšoantšo sa 7) .
Hoa tsebahala hore boleng ba matla a khoheli bo bohlokoa bakeng sa katleho ea enjene. Litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa flux li lebisa tahlehelong e eketsehileng ea tšepe hammoho le ho tlala matla ha potoloho.
Ka hona, ho fokotseha ha tahlehelo ho IM ho amana ka kotloloho le khetho ea boemo ba flux.
Mokhoa o reriloeng o ipapisitse le mohlala oa tahlehelo ea Joule e amanang le hona joale e phallang ka har'a stator windings mochining. E na le ho lokisa boleng ba phallo ea rotor ho boleng bo phahameng, ka hona ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea motlakase ho eketsa ts'ebetso. e ka hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang (ho hlokomoloha tahlehelo ea mantlha):
The electromagnetic torque\(C_{em}\) le rotor flux\(\phi_{r}\) li baloa ho dq coordinate system joalo ka:
Torque ea motlakase\(C_{em}\) le rotor flux\(\phi_{r}\) li baloa ho latela (d,q) joalo ka:
ka ho rarolla equation.(30), re ka fumana stator e nepahetseng ea hajoale e netefatsang phallo e nepahetseng ea rotor le tahlehelo e nyane:
Ho ile ha etsoa lipapiso tse fapaneng ho sebelisoa software ea MATLAB/Simulink ho lekola ho tiea le tšebetso ea mokhoa o reriloeng.Sistimi e entsoeng lipatlisiso e na le liphanele tse robeli tsa 230 W CSUN 235-60P (Letlapa la 2) tse hokahaneng ka letoto.Pompe ea centrifugal e tsamaisoa ke IM, le likarolo tsa eona tse khethollang li bontšoa ho Lethathamo la 3. Likarolo tsa tsamaiso ea pompo ea PV li bontšoa ho Lethathamo la 4.
Karolong ena, mokhoa oa ho pompa metsi oa photovoltaic o sebelisang FDTC o nang le ts'ebeliso ea kamehla ea flux e bapisoa le tsamaiso e reriloeng e thehiloeng ho optimal flux (FDTCO) tlas'a maemo a tšoanang a ts'ebetso.Ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea bobeli ea photovoltaic e ile ea lekoa ka ho nahana ka maemo a latelang:
Karolo ena e fana ka boemo bo reriloeng ba ho qala tsamaiso ea pompo e thehiloeng ho tekanyo ea innsolation ea 1000 W / m2. Setšoantšo sa 8e se bontša karabo ea lebelo la motlakase. Ha ho bapisoa le FDTC, mokhoa o reriloeng o fana ka nako e ntle ea ho phahama, ho fihlela boemo bo tsitsitseng ho 1.04 s, le FDTC, ho fihla boemong bo tsitsitseng ho 1.93 s. Setšoantšo sa 8f se bontša ho pompa mekhoa e 'meli ea ho laola.Ho ka bonoa hore FDTCO e eketsa palo ea ho pompa, e hlalosang ntlafatso ea matla a fetotsoeng ke IM.Figures 8g. 'me 8h e emela stator e huleloang hona joale.Ho qala hona joale ho sebelisa FDTC ke 20 A, ha leano le reriloeng la taolo le fana ka maikutlo a ho qala hona joale ha 10 A, e fokotsang tahlehelo ea Joule. Litšoantšo tsa 8i le 8j li bonts'a sekhahla se tsoetseng pele sa stator. The FDTC-based PVPWS e sebetsa ka mokhoa o sa khaotseng oa litšupiso tsa 1.2 Wb, ha e ntse e le mokhoa o reriloeng, mokhoa o ts'oanelang ke 1 A, o amehang ho ntlafatsa katleho ea tsamaiso ea photovoltaic.
(a)Letsatsiradiation (b) Motlakase (c) Duty cycle (d) DC bus voltage (e) Rotor speed (f) Pumping water (g) Stator phase current bakeng sa FDTC (h) Stator phase current bakeng sa FDTCO (i) Flux response using FLC (j) Karabelo ea Flux e sebelisang FDTCO (k) Stator flux trajectory e sebelisa FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory e sebelisa FDTCO.
Theletsatsimahlaseli a fapane ho tloha 1000 ho ea ho 700 W / m2 ka metsotsoana ea 3 ebe ho 500 W / m2 ka metsotsoana ea 6 (setšoantšo sa 8a) .Setšoantšo sa 8b se bontša matla a photovoltaic a tšoanang bakeng sa 1000 W / m2, 700 W / m2 le 500 W / m2 .Litšoantšo tsa 8c le 8d li bontša potoloho ea mosebetsi le motlakase oa khokahanyo ea DC, ka ho latellana. Setšoantšo sa 8e se bontša lebelo la motlakase oa IM, 'me re ka hlokomela hore mokhoa o reriloeng o na le lebelo le molemo le nako ea ho arabela ha e bapisoa le tsamaiso ea photovoltaic e thehiloeng FDTC. Setšoantšo sa 8f e bonts'a ho pompa metsi bakeng sa maemo a fapaneng a mahlaseli a fumanoeng ho sebelisoa FDTC le FDTCO.Ho pompa ho feta ho ka finyelloa ka FDTCO ho feta ka FDTC.Lipalo 8g le 8h li bontša likarabo tsa hona joale tse etsisitsoeng ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa FDTC le leano le reriloeng la taolo.Ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o reriloeng oa taolo. , amplitude ea hona joale e fokotsehile, e bolelang tahlehelo e fokolang ea koporo, kahoo e eketsa ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso.phallo e nepahetseng ho netefatsa hore tahlehelo e fokotsehile, ka hona, mokhoa o reriloeng o bontša ts'ebetso ea ona.Ho fapana le Setšoantšo sa 8i, phallo e lula e sa fetohe, e sa emele ts'ebetso e nepahetseng. 8l e bonts'a nts'etsopele e nepahetseng ea flux mme e hlalosa mohopolo oa mantlha oa leano le reriloeng la taolo.
Phetoho ea tšohanyetso holetsatsimahlaseli a sebelisoa, ho qala ka irradiance ea 1000 W / m2 'me ka tšohanyetso fokotseha ho 500 W / m2 ka mor'a 1.5 s (Figure 9a) .Setšoantšo sa 9b e bontša matla a photovoltaic a ntšitsoeng ho liphanele tsa photovoltaic, tse lumellanang le 1000 W / m2 le 500 W / m2. Litšoantšo tsa 9c le 9d li bonts'a potoloho ea mosebetsi le motlakase oa khokahanyo ea DC, ka ho latellana. Joalokaha ho ka bonoa ho Fig. 9e, mokhoa o reriloeng o fana ka nako e ntle ea ho arabela. ka FDTCO e ne e phahame ho feta FDTC, e pompa 0.01 m3 / s ho 1000 W / m2 irradiance bapisoa le 0.009 m3 / s le FDTC;ho feta moo, ha mahlaseli a ne a le 500 W At / m2, FDTCO pumped 0.0079 m3 / s, ha FDTC pumped 0.0077 m3 / s.Figures 9g le 9h.E hlalosa karabo ea hona joale e etsisoang ho sebelisa mokhoa oa FDTC le leano la taolo le reriloeng.Re ka hlokomela hore leano la taolo le reriloeng le bontša hore amplitude ea hona joale e fokotsehile tlas'a liphetoho tse potlakileng tsa mahlaseli, e leng se bakang tahlehelo ea koporo e fokotsehileng. e bonts'a ts'ebetso ea eona ka phallo ea 1Wb le irradiance ea 1000 W / m2, ha The flux e le 0.83Wb le irradiance ke 500 W / m2. Ho fapana le Setšoantšo sa 9i, phallo e lula e le 1.2 Wb, e sa etseng Lipalo tsa 9k le 9l li bonts'a phetoho ea stator flux trajectory. Setšoantšo sa 9l se bonts'a tsoelo-pele e nepahetseng ea ho phalla 'me se hlalosa mohopolo o ka sehloohong oa leano le reriloeng la taolo le ntlafatso ea mokhoa oa ho pompa o reriloeng.
(a)Letsatsiradiation (b) Matla a ntšitsoeng (c) Duty cycle (d) DC bus voltage (e) Lebelo la rotor (f) Phallo ea metsi (g) Stator phase current bakeng sa FDTC (h) Stator phase current for FDTCO (i) ) Flux response ho sebelisa FLC (j) Karabelo ea Flux e sebelisa FDTCO (k) Tsela ea ho phalla ha Stator ho sebelisa FDTC (l) Stator flux trajectory e sebelisa FDTCO.
Tlhahlobo ea papiso ea mekhoa e 'meli ea theknoloji mabapi le boleng ba phallo, amplitude ea hona joale le ho pompa ho bontšoa ho Lethathamo la 5, le bontšang hore PVWPS e thehiloeng ho thekenoloji e reriloeng e fana ka ts'ebetso e phahameng ka ho eketseha ha phallo ea pompo le ho fokotsa amplitude hona joale le tahlehelo, e lokelang ho etsoa. ho khetha sebaka se nepahetseng.
Ho netefatsa le ho lekola leano le reriloeng la taolo, tlhahlobo ea PIL e etsoa ho ipapisitsoe le boto ea STM32F4. E kenyelletsa ho hlahisa khoutu e tla kengoa le ho tsamaisoa ka boto e kentsoeng. Boto e na le 32-bit microcontroller e nang le 1 MB Flash, 168 MHz. clock frequency, floating point unit, DSP ditaelo, 192 KB SRAM. Nakong ea teko ena, ho ile ha bōptjoa PIL block tsamaisong ea taolo e nang le khoutu e hlahisitsoeng e thehiloeng ho STM32F4 ho sibolloa ha hardware board le ho kenngoa ho software ea Simulink.Mehato ea ho lumella Liteko tsa PIL tse lokelang ho hlophisoa ho sebelisoa boto ea STM32F4 li bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 10.
Tlhahlobo ea PIL ea Co-simulation e sebelisang STM32F4 e ka sebelisoa e le mokhoa o theko e tlase oa ho netefatsa mokhoa o reriloeng.Ka pampiri ena, mojule o ntlafalitsoeng o fanang ka phallo e ntle ka ho fetisisa ea litšupiso o kengoa tšebetsong ho STMicroelectronics Discovery Board (STM32F4).
E qetellang e etsoa ka nako e le 'ngoe le Simulink le ho fapanyetsana tlhahisoleseding nakong ea ho kopanya ho sebelisa mokhoa o reriloeng oa PVWPS. Setšoantšo sa 12 se bontša ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetsong ea tsamaiso ea theknoloji ea ho ntlafatsa ho STM32F4.
Ke mokhoa o reriloeng feela oa mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho tsamaisa litšupiso o bonts'itsoeng papaling ena ea kopanelo, kaha ke eona phetoho e kholo ea taolo bakeng sa mosebetsi ona e bonts'ang boitšoaro ba taolo ea sistimi ea ho pompa metsi ea photovoltaic.
Nako ea poso: Apr-15-2022
